Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) The Abbasid Caliphate marked the golden age of Islamic civilization. After overthrowing the Umayyads, the Abbasids shifted the center of power to Baghdad, which became a global hub of learning, trade, and culture. Their rule strengthened administration, promoted scholarship, and encouraged science, medicine, philosophy, and literature through institutions like the House of Wisdom. While political power later weakened due to internal divisions and regional dynasties,