Network flow watermarking is an advanced technique that embeds covert information into the characterising features of network traffic flows. By subtly modifying timing characteristics such as ...

A network flow is a data entity that contains information related to a unidirectional sequence of packets on an IP network. Comprised of source and destination port and IP address information as well ...

A large-scale case study across 15 cities in Europe and North America is conducted. The results demonstrate stable and satisfactory estimation accuracy across these cities, which suggests that the ...