Reinforcement learning theory posits that learning can occur by means of calculating prediction errors (PEs) 1. The seminal discovery that the phasic firing of dopamine neurons in the primate midbrain ...

Across the human life span, fear is often acquired indirectly by observation of the emotional expressions of others. The observational fear conditioning protocol was previously developed as a ...

Social learning theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, uses theories of classical and operant conditioning. But in this theory, the environment plays a large part in learning. We model the ...